History Of Drusselsteinia - 1551 Words

In 1929, the US entered the worst depression in history. In 1973, the UK entered the second banking crisis of their history, lasting until 1975. In 1983, Israel entered a bank stock crisis. Latin America was lost for a decade with a debt crisis lasting from the 1970’s to the 1980’s. in 1991, India also went through an economic crisis. Some of the biggest, best, and brightest countries in the world have gne through economic depression, recession, or crisis. Now, the same thing is happening to a small island nation that was once good, and has the potential to be great. Drusselsteinia is a pacific island who, due to poor economic, environmental, and governmental control, is now going through economic crisis. That’s where the US and UN enter†¦show more content†¦Members serve three-year terms. Drusselsteinia’s economy grew steadily in the fishing and agriculture areas after colonization. The country is rich with wildlife and exotic fruits, which are a major export. Fishing industries flourish, especially with regards to tropical Pacific fish. The countries few sandy beaches and coral reefs are well maintained, as they are a major source of tourism to the island, as is the mountain hiking and backpacking. The unemployment rate and wealth distribution difference are low due to the countries investment into welfare and education which boosts the economy even further. The island recently suffered from and is still feeling the lasting effects from a depression due to the poor care of the reef, beaches, and over fishing. The problem was recognized by scientists, however, and due to the commitment to science as well as a new environmental agenda, the island is working toward recovery and furthering clean environmental practices. This also includes investing in clean wind and solar energy. Today there are multiple hydropower stations on the island that provide the primary source of energy, while a few wind and solar farms create a secondary supply. They are currently following Sweden’s example and working towards a waste burning and carbon capturing program to reduce

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1244 Words

Close, But No Cigar The American people have been graced with the ability to dream, to hold onto hope for a better future for themselves. Even in the darkest times, people grasp to the belief that anyone, no matter where one starts, could become something bigger. However, sometimes those dreams slip away as one is challenged by society and the dreamer is left on the sidelines. F.Scott Fitzgerald addresses the challenges one faces when following the American dream in his novel, The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald parallels Gatsby’s struggles to break through societal classes with the American dream through his use of symbolism and setting. Fitzgerald’s manipulation of colors symbolizes the extent to which Gatsby was able to fulfill his aspirations and break through social classes. Thomas C. Foster, author of How to Read Literature Like a Professor, advises readers to use previous knowledge and rely on connotations when finding meaning of symbols in literature, as symbols have multiple meanings. (Foster 104, 248). For Gatsby, Daisy signifies the key to the fulfilment of his dreams as she is, â€Å"high in a white palace, the king’s daughter, the golden girl† (Fitzgerald 120). Emblematically, gold is a rich color used to highlight the importance or value of something. Fitzgerald describes Daisy as â€Å"golden† because she is the final and most important element in Gatsby’s dream. All Gatsby needed for his success is Daisy â€Å"go[ing] to Tom and say[ing]: ‘I never loved you’†(FitzgeraldShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |   6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. 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Scott Fitzgerald1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Jazz Age was an era where everything and anything seemed possible. It started with the beginning of a new age with America coming out of World War I as the most powerful nation in the world (Novel reflections on, 2007). As a result, the nation soon faced a culture-shock of material prosperity during the 1920’s. Also known as the â€Å"roaring twenties†, it was a time where life consisted of prodigality and extravagant parties. Writing based on his personal experiences, author F. ScottRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1166 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Haze F. Scott Fitzgerald lived in a time that was characterized by an unbelievable lack of substance. After the tragedy and horrors of WWI, people were focused on anything that they could that would distract from the emptiness that had swallowed them. Tangible greed tied with extreme materialism left many, by the end of this time period, disenchanted. The usage of the literary theories of both Biographical and Historical lenses provide a unique interpretation of the Great Gatsby centered aroundRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald845 Words   |  3 PagesIn F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, colors represent a variety of symbols that relate back to the American Dream. The dream of being pure, innocent and perfect is frequently associated with the reality of corruption, violence, and affairs. Gatsby’s desire for achieving the American Dream is sought for through corruption (Schneider). The American Dream in the 1920s was perceived as a desire of w ealth and social standings. Social class is represented through the East Egg, the WestRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesrespecting and valuing Fitzgerald work in the twenty-first century? Fitzgerald had a hard time to profiting from his writing, but he was not successful after his first novel. There are three major point of this essay are: the background history of Fitzgerald life, the comparisons between Fitzgerald and the Gatsby from his number one book in America The Great Gatsby, and the Fitzgerald got influences of behind the writing and being a writer. From childhood to adulthood, Fitzgerald faced many good andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2099 Words   |  9 Pagesauthor to mirror his life in his book. In his previous novels F. Scott Fitzgerald drew from his life experiences. He said that his next novel, The Great Gatsby, would be different. He said, â€Å"In my new novel I’m thrown directly on purely creative work† (F. Scott Fitzgerald). He did not realize or did not want it to appear that he was taking his own story and intertwining it within his new novel. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he imitates his lifestyle through the Buchanan family to demonstrateRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1607 Words   |  7 Pages The Great Gatsby is an American novel written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. One of the themes of the book is the American Dream. The American Dream is an idea in which Americans believe through hard work they can achieve success and prosperity in the free world. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel, The Great Gatsby, the American Dream leads to popularity, extreme jealousy and false happiness. Jay Gatsby’s recent fortune and wealthiness helped him earn a high social position and become one of the mostRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1592 Words   |  7 PagesMcGowan English 11A, Period 4 9 January 2014 The Great Gatsby Individuals who approach life with an optimistic mindset generally have their goals established as their main priority. Driven by ambition, they are determined to fulfill their desires; without reluctance. These strong-minded individuals refuse to be influenced by negative reinforcements, and rely on hope in order to achieve their dreams. As a man of persistence, the wealthy Jay Gatsby continuously strives to reclaim the love of hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1646 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s witnessed the death of the American Dream, a message immortalized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Initially, the American Dream represented the outcome of American ideals, that everyone has the freedom and opportunity to achieve their dreams provided they perform honest hard work. During the 1920s, the United States experienced massive economic prosperity making the American Dream seem alive and strong. However, in Fitzgerald’s eyes, the new Am erican culture build around that

Scarlet Letter By Hawthorne Essay Example For Students

Scarlet Letter By Hawthorne Essay Nathaniel Hawthornes novel The Scarlet Letter , had a controversial plot whenit was published in 1850. The same controversy exists today even though there isa decline in moral behavior. The main character, Hester Prynne, and her scarletA have been a symbol of adultery for over one hundred years. It ishard to determine whether Hester is to be considered a predator or the preythroughout this novel. Individual upbringing and teachings could create apredetermined opinion of Hester and the sin of adultery. Hesters beauty wasbreath-taking. Her dark hair and brown eyes were alluring. An attractive figuredrew much attention from both male and female members of the community. Jealousycaused many women to reject her friendship. Men secretively desired her althoughthey may have pretended otherwise. Many prejudged Hester as being somewhat lessthan a symbol of virtue because of her outward appearance. She was never giventhe opportunity to develop a deep and personal friendship with anyone other t hanthe priest. Her dependance on him drew her closer to him than she realized. Hertenderness and passion was pushed deeper within as years passed. From the verybeginning she became a victim when her parents arranged her marriage to thewealthy yet notorious Roger Chillingsworth. He was a man who needed to collectthings and Hester became another possession. His great wealth enabled him tolead many different lives and become whomever or whatever he chose. However, hisgreed and selfishness drove him to abandon Hester and destroy any love she mighthave had for him. Upon his return, during the platform scene, she pretended notto know him. At that moment her attraction to him still existed. The authorportrayed her as being smug and almost flaunting her sin, while at the same timeshe noticed how handsome her husband seemed. The promiscuity of Hesterscharacter not only instigated her affair but had also drawn her towards RogerChillingsworth to begin with. One could perceive this as a predace ous quality. We will write a custom essay on Scarlet Letter By Hawthorne specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For seven long years, Hester and her bastard child Pearl suffered great anguish. Their existence in this Puritan setting was almost intolerable. Yet they wentabout their lives and took each bit of happiness, though few, and made the mostof it. It is the tendency of many to thrive on the failing and downfall ofothers; that is what transpired during this period. Possibly, her actions servedas a catalyst for exploitation, but how she was perceived by her fellow man wasnot a significant factor in her decision not to expose her lover. Cruelty canwear many disguises; ironically these Christian people were unforgiving andheartless. Her bitterness was attributed partly to the loneliness and isolationshe suffered. Hester fell prey to gossip and became another victim of a societaljudgment. The true villain in all of this was the priest, Arthur Dimmesdale. Heallowed a woman , whom he supposedly loved, to be publicly ridiculed andhumiliated without coming forward and confessing his involvement. Hester alwayshad hope that her love would not be unrequited. Her character was of strongnature and her love for the priest was excessive. One might consider her faithin a man as unworthy as Arthur Dimmesdale to be a major flaw in her character,but it also proves that passion can cast a shadow of sin on each of our souls. Love, at times, can blind one to the blemishes within another being. However, itwould appear that Hawthornes heroine entered the relationship with ArthurDimmesdale with eyes opened wide. Once again, Hester stood alone to face theconsequences of her infidelity and his deceit. Although throughout the plotHester dreamed of running away from it all and starting a new life with herlover and child, her plans went awry. Her future with the priest was never tobe. But it proved to be enough for her that Arthur Dimmesdale finally faced thetownspeople who had placed him so high on his pedestal, and confessed his sin. .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb , .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb .postImageUrl , .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb , .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb:hover , .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb:visited , .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb:active { border:0!important; } .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb:active , .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u09d5da62c8b9c9c8a6c64bd7904f6eeb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Lincoln Assassination EssayHer unending pursuit of him, in spite of his vow of chastity and Gods law,eventually led to his untimely demise. Hesters actions created a misinterpretedimage of her. An obsessive love robbed her daughter of the freedom of childhoodand created the loss of an innocence that comes only with youth. Therefore, theanswer to the previous question of whether Hester was the predator or the preyis answered; she showed characteristics of both. Her actions proved time andagain that she fed off the stigma accompanying the scarlet letter but fellvictim to its effect. Ones perception of Hesters personality and deeds mighthave changed throughout the novel. Many might feel that under no circumstanceshould one disobey or disregard the commandments of our Lord. That might proveto many that Hester was an enemy of fidelity and commitment and displayedimmoral behavior. However, many could view her crime of passion as an incidentcaused from weakness of moral character, but find that each of us should showcompassion and forgiveness . Quite possibly her character needed an acceptancefrom her peers that could not be given due to the elements of that era. In thisday and age, she would be considered a victim of circumstance but dismissed asbeing a reputable character. A tolerance of sin is a trait of todays societyand again the reader must judge her either as predator or prey. Adultery is andalways will be a debatable subject. Decline in moral ethics of a society hasproven to be the leading cause of its self-destruction. Throughout time, it isevident that each great empire was more tolerant of sinful acts as itprogressed. Progression can sometime s lead to regression just as it occurred inthis epic tale.

Models of Organisational Behaviour Essay Example

Models of Organisational Behaviour Paper MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Introduction Organizations achieve their goals by creating, communicating and operating an organizational behaviour system, as shown in the figure below: Management’s Philosophy ? Values ? Vision ? Mission ? Goals Formal Organization Organizational Culture Social Environment Informal Organization Leadership ? Communication ? Group Dynamics Quality of Work Life Motivation Outcomes: ? Performance ? Employee satisfaction ? Personal growth and development I. Philosophy †¢ †¢ A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The philosophy (model) of organizational behavior held by management consists of an integrated set of assumptions and beliefs about the way things are, the purpose for these activities, and the way should be. The philosophies are sometimes implicit or explicit in the minds of managers. There are five major organizational behavior philosophies: Autocratic Custodial Supportive Collegial System B. Selected Elements of Philosophy Statement †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ We are committed to quality, cost-effectiveness and technical excellence. People should treat each other with consideration, trust and respect. Each person is valuable, is unique and makes a contribution. All employees should be unfailingly committed to excellent performance. Teamwork can and should, produce far more than sum of individual efforts. C. Two Sources of Philosophy of Organizational Behavior †¢ †¢ Fact Premises represent our descriptive view of how the world behaves. They are drawn from both behavioral science research and personal experiences. Value Premises represent our view of desirability of certain goals and activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Organisational Behaviour specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Organisational Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Models of Organisational Behaviour specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Value premises are variable beliefs we hold and are therefore under control. II. Values †¢ †¢ The rules by which we make decisions about right and wrong Determine which are more or less important and which is more favorable A. Sample of Statement of Values Harvard University Statement of Values August 2002 Harvard University aspires to provide education and scholarship of the highest quality — to advance the frontiers of knowledge and to prepare individuals for life, work, and leadership. Achieving these aims depends on the efforts of thousands of faculty, students, and staff across the University. 2 Some of us make our contribution by engaging directly in teaching, learning, and research, others of us, by supporting and enabling those core activities in essential ways. Whatever our individual roles, and wherever we work within Harvard, we owe it to one another to uphold certain basic values of the community. These include: Respect for the rights, differences, and dignity of others Honesty and integrity in all dealings Conscientious pursuit of excellence in ones work Accountability for actions and conduct in the workplace The more we embrace these values in our daily lives, the more we create and sustain an environment of trust, cooperation, lively inquiry, and mutual understanding — and advance a commitment to education and scholarship, which all of us share. III. Vision †¢ †¢ †¢ Represents a challenging portrait of what the organization and its members can be -a possible, and desirable, future. Leaders need to create exciting projections about where the organization should go and what major changes lie ahead Once the vision is established, persistent and enthusiastic communication is required to sell it throughout the ranks of employees so they will embrace it with commitment. A. Samples of Vision Statements 1. PSBA Manila To be an institution of world-class education for youth of our country. 2. GMA Network CORPORATE VISION We are the most respected, undisputed leader in the Philippine broadcast industry and the recognized media innovator and pacesetter in Asia. We are the Filipinos’ favorite network. We are the advertisers’ preferred partner. We are the employer of choice in our industry. We provide the best returns to our shareholders. We are a key partner in promoting the best in the Filipino. 3. Procter and Gamble Be, and be recognized as, the best consumer products and services company in the world. 4. SMDC We envision SM Development Corporation to be a leading developer of world-class residences in the Philippines, uplifting Filipino lifestyles into one that is convenient, upscale yet affordable, and environment friendly. B. Mission †¢ †¢ †¢ Identifies the business the organization is in the market niches it tries to serve, the types of customers it is likely to have and the reasons for its existence. Many mission statements even include a brief listing of the competitive advantages, or strengths, or the firm believes it has. Mission statements are more descriptive and less future-oriented. C. Samples of Mi ssion Statements 1. Toyota To sustain profitable growth by providing the best customer experience and dealer support. † 2. Apple Computer 1984 To produce high-quality, low cost, easy to use products that incorporate high technology for the individual. We are proving that high technology does not have to be intimidating for non-computer experts. † IV. Goals †¢ †¢ Goals are relatively concrete formulations of achievements the organization is aiming within set periods of time, such as one to five years. Goal setting is a complex process for top management’s goals need to be merged with those of employees, who bring their psychological, social and economic needs with them to an organization. A. Samples of Goals †¢ †¢ †¢ To establish stronger relationships with 10,000 clients in Metro Manila. To minimize client complaints from 40 down to 5 per month. To increase the student population to 700 within 2 years 4 V. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y, Alternative Assumptions About Employees Theory X Theory X assumes that the average person: ? ? ? ? ? Theory Y Theory Y makes the following general assumptions: ? ? Dislikes work and attempts to avoid it. Has no ambition, wants no responsibility, and would rather follow than lead. Is self-centered and therefore does not care about organizational goals. Resists change. Is gullible and not particularly intelligent. ? ? ? Work can be as natural as play and rest. People will be self-directed to meet their work objectives if they are committed to them. People will be committed to their objectives if rewards are in place that address higher needs such as selffulfillment. Under these conditions, people will seek responsibility. Most people can handle responsibility because creativity and ingenuity are common in the population. Essentially, Theory X assumes that people work only for money and security. Theory X The Hard Approach and Soft Approach Under Theory X, management approaches can range from a hard approach to a soft approach. The hard approach relies on coercion, implicit threats, close supervision, and tight controls, essentially an environment of command and control. The soft approach is to be permissive and seek harmony with the hope that in return employees will cooperate when asked to do so. However, neither of these extremes is optimal. The hard approach results in hostility, purposely low-output, and hard-line union demands. The soft approach results in ever-increasing requests for more rewards in exchange for ever-decreasing work output. The optimal management approach under Theory X probably would be somewhere between these extremes. However, McGregor asserts that neither approach is appropriate because the assumptions of Theory X are not correct. The Problem with Theory X Drawing on Maslows hierarchy, McGregor argues that a satisfied need no longer motivates. Under Theory X the firm relies on money and benefits to satisfy employees lower needs, and once those needs are satisfied the source of motivation is lost. Theory X management styles in fact hinder the satisfaction of higher-level needs. Consequently, the only way that employees can attempt to satisfy their higher level needs in their work is by seeking more compensation, so it is quite predictable that they will focus on monetary rewards. While money may not be the most 5 effective way to self-fulfilment, in a Theory X environment it may be the only way. Under Theory X, people use work to satisfy their lower needs, and seek to satisfy their higher needs in their leisure time. But it is in satisfying their higher needs that employees can be most productive. McGregor makes the point that a command and control environment is not effective because it relies on lower needs as levers of motivation, but in modern society those needs already are satisfied and thus no longer are motivators. In this situation, one would expect employees to dislike their work, avoid responsibility, have no interest in organizational goals, resist change, etc. thus making Theory X a self-fulfilling prophecy. From this reasoning, McGregor proposed an alternative: Theory Y. Theory Y The higher-level needs of esteem and self-actualization are continuing needs in that they are never completely satisfied. As such, it is these higher-level needs through which employees can best be motivated. Under these assumptions, there is an opportunity to align personal goals with organizational goals by using the employees own quest for fulfillment as the motivator. McGregor stressed that Theory Y management does not imply a soft approach. McGregor recognized that some people may not have reached the level of maturity assumed by Theory Y and therefore may need tighter controls that can be relaxed as the employee develops. Theory Y Management Implications If Theory Y holds, the firm can do many things to harness the motivational energy of its employees: Decentralization and Delegation If firms decentralize control and reduce the number of levels of management; each manager will have more subordinates and consequently will be forced to delegate some responsibility and decision making to them. ? ? Job Enlargement Broadening the scope of an employees job adds variety and opportunities to satisfy ego needs. Participative Management Consulting employees in the decision making process taps their creative capacity and provides them with some control over their work environment. Performance Appraisals Having the employee set objectives and participate in the process of evaluating how well they were met. If properly implemen ted, such an environment would result in a high level of motivation as employees work to satisfy their higher level personal needs through their jobs. VI. Paradigms/Framework †¢ †¢ Models such as X and Y are also called paradigms or frameworks of possible explanations about how things work. Any model that a manager holds usually begins with certain assumptions about people and leads to certain implications and even predictions of events. Managerial Paradigms According to Joel Barker †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ They influence managerial perceptions of the world around them. They define one’s boundaries and provide perceptions for how to behave. They encourage resistance to change, since they have worked in the past. They may either consciously or unconsciously affect one’s behavior. When new paradigms appear, they provide alternative ways of viewing the world and solving problems. VII. Five Models of Organizational Behavior Autocratic Basis of Model Power Supportive Economic Resources Custodial Leadership Collegial Partnership System Trust, community, meaning Caring, compassion Psychological ownership Self-motivation Managerial Model Employee orientation Employee psychological result Employee Needs Met Performance result Authority Money Support Teamwork Obedience Security and Benefits Job Performance Responsible Behavior Self-discipline Dependence on Dependence on Participation boss organization Subsistence Security Status and recognition Awakened drives Selfactualization Moderate enthusiasm Wide range Minimum Passive cooperation Passion and commitment to organizational goals 7 A. The Autocratic Model †¢ The autocratic model has its roots in history, and certainly, it became the prevailing model of the industrial revolution. †¢ The autocratic model depends on power. Characteristics of Autocratic Model †¢ Managerial orientation is formal, official authority. The employee orientation is obedience to a boss. †¢ Useful way to accomplish work †¢ It is an acceptable approach to guide managerial behavior when there were no wellknown alternatives, it can be useful during organization crises. B. The Custodial Model †¢ †¢ Custodial model was used during the welfare programs in 1890s and 1900s. The welfare program was later known as paterna lism. Characteristics of Custodial Model †¢ The resulting managerial orientation is toward money to pay wages and benefits. †¢ The employer looks to security needs as a motivating force. This approach leads to employee’s dependence on the organization. C. The Supportive Model †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The supportive model depends on leadership instead of power or money. Through leadership, management provides a climate to help employees grow in the interests of the organization the things of which they are capable of. The management orientation is to support the employee’s job performance This approach leads to a feeling of participation and task involvement in the organization. D. The Collegial Model †¢ †¢ The term â€Å"collegial† relates to a body of people working together cooperatively. A contingency relationship exists in which the collegial model tends to be more useful with unprogrammed work, an intellectual environment and considerable job freedom. Characteristics of Collegial Model †¢ The managerial orientation is towards teamwork. †¢ Management is the coach that builds a better team. †¢ The employee response to this situation is responsibility. E. The System Model 8 †¢ It is the result of higher meaning at work by many of today’s employees; they want more than just a paycheck and job security from their jobs. Characteristics of System Model †¢ The role of a manager becomes one of facilitating employee accomplishments through a variety of actions. †¢ Employees embrace the goal of organizational effectiveness. The employee needs that are met are of highest order (e. g. social status, esteem, autonomy, self-actualization) VIII. Conclusions About the Models Evolving Usage There is no one permanently â€Å"best† model, because what is best is contingent in what is known about human behavior in whatever environment exists at that time. †¢ The primary challenge for management is to identify the model it is actually using and then assess its current effectiveness. A manager has two key tasks—to acquire a new set of values as models evolve and to learn and apply the behavioral skills that are consistent with those values. Relation of Model to Human Needs The five models discussed in this report are closely related to human needs. Each model is built upon the accomplish ment of the other. Increasing Use of Some Models The trend toward the supportive, collegial and systems models will probably continue. Contingent Use of Other Models Though one model maybe used at any given time, some appropriate models will be given at any given time. All five models will still be used; however, an emphasis will be given to newer ones. Managerial Flexibility Managers not only need to identify their current behavioral model but also keep it flexible and current. Managers need to read, think, assess, reflect, interact with others be receptive to the growing needs and be receptive to the challenges to their thinking from their colleagues and employees. 9